1. Description. The process of acute inflammation is initiated blood vessels near the damaged tissues, which modify the possibility of release from the blood plasma, leukocytes and into the surrounding tissue.
2. PMNs first of leukocytes to arrive on the affected area.
a. These cells phagocytose and kill invading microorganisms through the issue of non-specific toxins. These non-specific toxins to kill pathogens, as well as neighbouring host cell, the sick and the healthy.
Callie l sustained a deep cut on her little finger. It is used as an antiseptic cream and covered the wound with an adhesive bandage. A few hours later, damaged finger is quite painful. When Callie applies pressure to the area near the wound, she feels the heat and the pressure of her touch would be quite painful. Finger looks red and swollen.
What is the source of redness?
The redness associated with increased blood flow in injuiy site.
1. Acute Inflammation
A. Description
1. Acute inflammation is short term, and this is a normal process that protects and heals the body following physical injury or infection (Fig. 8-12).
2. In the absence of inflammation, ulcers and infections would never heal and gradual destruction of tissues would endanger human life.
1. Inflammatory response triggered the invasion of pathogenic micro-organisms or
tissue damage.
2. Immediately, the fat cells (located in the connective tissues near blood vessels) is a release of chemical substances, the expansion of capillaries and increased vascular permeability (Fig. 8-11).
3. Minutes after tissue injury, increases blood flow to this area. Higher blood volume heats the tissue and causing her to blush. This increased blood flow necessary for obtaining immune cell defenders" of the site.
4. Within a few hours, white blood cells pass through the walls of capillaries in the connective tissue. With blood plasma proteins leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in the tissues.
A. Description. Phagocytosis is the process by which the white blood cells to absorb and digest microorganisms [4].
1. Steps in phagocytosis
a. First, the exterior walls of the cells of phagocytic cells such as neutrophils, macrophages or adheres to bacteria (Fig. 8-10). Phagocytic cell extends finger-like projections (pseudopodia)that surround the bacteria.
B. Next, phagocytic bubble is called phagosome surrounds bacteria.
1.
Leukocyte migration of blood vessels
A. Transendothelial Migration
1. In order to fight infection, immune system cells travel through the blood and tissues (Fig. 8-9).
a. Next to the infection site, immune cells push their way between endothelial cells lining the blood vessels (hemorrhage) and type of connective tissue [3].
In addition to cell defenders, another important component of the immune response is the complement system. Cell defenders react only after they encounter microorganism. Pathogens can, however, avoid contact with the
cells of the immune system. If this happens, complement system provides a second means of defense.
1. The definition. The complement system series of complex protein circulating in the blood that helps phagocytosis or kill the bacteria directly by puncturing the bacterial cell membranes. Proteins are activated and work (Supplement), antibodies, hence the name.
1. T-lymphocytes are small white blood cells, whose main function is to enhance the reaction of other cells of the immune system-for example, b-lymphocytes and macrophages - to bacterial invasion.
2. T cells can produce substances called cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs), which stimulate the immune response. Cytokine is the General name for any protein that is secreted by cells and affects the behavior of neighboring cells. Cytokines, which play an important role in periodontitis include interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (Il-6), interleikina-8 (silt-8)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
Lymphocytes are small white blood cells that play an important role in the solution of problems of the control of foreign invaders. Two main types of lymphocytes, which are important in the defense against pathogens of diseases of parodont b-lymphocytes (B cells) and t-lymphocytes (t-cells).
And B-Lymphocytes
1. Description
a. B-lymphocytes are small white blood cells that help in the defense against bacteria, viruses and fungi.
B. B-lymphocytes in the future can become one of two types of cells Into plasma cells and memory cells.
1. Leukocytes. Leucocytes-white blood cells, which acted as an independent single-celled organisms that can move and capture of microorganisms on their own.
A. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are phagocytes, which play a vital role in the fight against pathogenic bacteria that are responsible for periodontal diseases (Fig. 8-3).
1. PMNs, also known as the neutrophil phagocytic cells that actively absorb and destroy microorganisms.
2. These cells are quick response and provides the first line of defense against many common microorganisms and are essential for the control of bacterial infections.