Calculus consists of inorganic (or mineral) component and organic components.
1. The inorganic portion of the calculation
a. Inorganic part of the calculation is from 70% to 90% of the total membership of the stone.
This section presents local factors that can increase the plaque biofilm storage. Most often, these local factors are rough and uneven surfaces, reducing the efficiency of patient self-help and lead to increased plaque biofilm storage.
1. The coping mechanisms of the bacteria. In biofilms provides bacteria advantage allowing the long-term survival in the furrow or pocket environment. Protective cell-free layer of mucus makes the bacteria are extremely resistant to antibiotics, anti-bacterial agents, and the body's immune response. It is likely that there are several mechanisms responsible for biofilm resistance systemic antibiotics, antimicrobials, and the immune system.
A. resistance systemic antibiotics and Antimicrobials
Mechanisms that allow biofilm bacteria to colonize and to invade the
periodontal tissues are called virulence factors (table. 6-3). The Virulence factors can be structural characteristics of the bacteria themselves or substances produced and released into the environment by bacteria.
A. Bacteriological Characteristics
1. Bacterial invasion factors
a. Periodontal pathogens have the opportunity to actively penetrate the epithelium lining the pocket wall and to intrude in the connective tissue of the gums [36,37].
1. Host answer: the main cause of periodontal destruction
A. in the body's inflammatory response
1. Previously, investigators thought that the bacteria were the main cause tissue destruction seen in periodontitis. Perhaps bacterial virulence factors have been inflammation of the gums and destroying the alveolar bone.
Zone subgingival bacterial attachment (Fig. 6-17) surfaces of the teeth and epithelial lining in the periodontal pocket. Bacteria can also be accompanied by other bacteria that are attached to one of these surfaces.
1. Plaque associated biofilm bacteria that are attached to the tooth
surface.
a. The bacteria to attach to the surface of the tooth, which stretches from the gingival margin almost to paroxizmalnaya form epithelium based pocket.
And Free Of Pathogens Can't Cause Periodontal Disease
1. The bacteria must be attached to the surface to cause periodontal disease.
2. Free floating bacteria-no matter how pathogenic cannot cause of periodontal disease.
1. Microbial Complexes
A. Internal Organization
1. The internal structure of plaque biofilm been addressed in several studies of light and electron microscopy [30-34].
2. Organization of bacteria in biofilms is not arbitrary; rather, there are certain relationships between species of bacteria [35]. Bacteria in biofilms no longer work, as a whole, but rather act as a functioning system of interdependent parts.
A. Initial Colonization
1. Within a short time after cleaning, Gram-positive cocci and adhere penetrate acquired film movie (Fig. 6-14a).
2. After 24 hours, plaque biofilm collected from the surface of the teeth consists mainly of streptococci, Streptococcus sanguis the most dominant.
1. Bacterial colonization of the tooth surface
A. layers and layers of bacteria. In biofilms developed by stacking one species of bacteria on top of the other types of bacteria. Mature dental biofilm not consist of only one type of bacteria.
B. Coaggregation bacteria
1. Coaggregation from one cell to the observance of one of oral bacteria to another (Fig. 6-12).