1. Antihypertensive drugs in the calcium channel blocker group widely used in elderly patients who have angina or peripheral vascular disease [50,63].
2. Nifedipine (Nai-FED-I-peen), one type calcium channel blocker used as a coronary vasodilator agent in the treatment of hypertension, angina, cardiac arrhythmia. Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs that block the flow of calcium ions through the cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. This results in the expansion of the main coronary arteries and systemic arteries.
1. Cyclosporine (sigh-kloe-spor-een) belongs to a group of medicines known as immunosuppressive drugs to prevent transplant rejection, and also for control of a number of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. When the patient receives a transplant of organs, the body will try to reject a transplanted organ. Cyclosporine work on preventing this response.
1. Phenytoin (FEN-I-toyn) is one of the most frequently used anticonvulsant to control convulsions or seizures in the treatment of epilepsy.
Remains the drug of choice for treatment of grand mal, temporal lobe, and psychomotor seizures [50]. Phenytoin is sold under many brand names, including Dilantin 4, Dilantin Kapseals 4, and Phenytoin. Phenytoin is among the top 20 most-prescribed drugs in the world.
2. Overgrowth of the gums is one of the most common side effects of phenytoin. It has been estimated that 40% to 50% of the fate of millions of people who are taking phenytoin will develop gum overgrowth in some degree. Reed appear to be more common in children and young adults.
3. Gingival overgrowth begins with the expansion of the interdental papillae.
A. Introduction
1. The drug affects the gums NATO enlargement is aesthetically disfiguring overgrowth of the gums that this is a side effects associated with certain medications.
2. Drugs associated with gingival enlargement can be divided into three categories: anti-convulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants (table. 10-2). These three classes of drugs, the influence of gingival fibroblasts overproduce collagen matrix when stimulated gum inflammation [44].
a. More than 20 drugs demonstrated the ability to cause gingival enlargement.
The plaque A. Biofilms composition and pH
1. Many oral medications alter plaque biofilm composition and pH in the way
harmful for periodontal tissues.
2. Medicines That Contain Sugar
a. Sugar is the main component in some cough drops, liquid medications, cough syrups, tonics, chewable vitamins, antacid tablets, and other medications. Drugs that contain sugar, Add significantly changes the plaque biofilm pH and composition.
1. It is widely known that people with down syndrome often develop severe,
aggressive periodontitis. The prevalence of periodontal disease ranges from 58% to 96% of young people aged up to 35 years old with down syndrome [33].
2. The prevalence of periodontal disease simply cannot be associated with poor oral hygiene. In the etiology of periodontal disease in persons with down syndrome is complex. In recent years, much attention was paid in the altered immune response in the basic genetic disorder [33].
Although most of these rare genetic syndromes unlikely for hygienist outside the hospital, people with down syndrome often are members of the dental team in General and periodontal dental offices. Down syndrome is one of the most common birth defects. As a rule, children specifications with this disease have some degree of mental retardation, and characteristic features. Many of these children also have other health problems.
Periodontitis is widely recognized as a complex disease. As noted in other sections of this tutorial, it is clear that fundamentally periodontal disease is a bacterial infection; numerous studies, even certain bacteria that are associated with the development of different types of periodontitis. For many years, however, clinical observations that acute periodontal disease can occur in subsequent generations some families led to speculation about the potential role of genetic
factors in periodontitis. Research has begun to clarify the true role of genetics as a risk factor in this complex disease.
1. The role of genetics in periodontitis
A. Synthetic Hormones
1. Oral contraception is one of the most widely used class of drugs in the world.
2. Clinical studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s, showed that women who use oral contraceptives, had a higher incidence of gum disease than women who do not use these drugs. All studies to 1980-ies record changes in the gingival tissue using oral contraceptives have been completed when the hormone levels were at a much higher level than is available currently.
3. A recent clinical study evaluating the impact of low doses of oral contraceptives found no effect of oral contraceptives on the gum inflammation in young women [30].
1. Inflammation of the gums, increases in pregnant women in the presence of small quantities of bacterial plaque biofilm. Inflammation of the gums, initiated plaque biofilm and exacerbated by hormonal changes in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, called
pregnancy gingivitis.
2. Probing the depths, bleeding on probing, and crevicular fluid flow is increased in pregnancy gingivitis.